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Чего желают боги?
Великий древнегреческий философ Платон придерживался идеи сверхъестественного происхождения «естественного» нравственного закона. Но уже в одном из ранних своих диалогов («Евтифрон», ок. 399 г. до н.э.) он указывает серьезную проблему, которую такой подход порождает в контексте языческого мировоззрения. Ведь если истинно утверждение «боги желают блага», встает вопрос: какой именно из двух возможных вариантов толкования этого утверждения является истинным?
1) Благо есть то, чего желают боги или
2) Боги желают того, что есть благо
В первом случае нравственный закон произволен – чего богам захочется, то и будет считаться благом. Поскольку же боги греческого пантеона были созданы по образу человеческому и желали то одного, то другого, понятие блага утрачивало абсолютный характер. Оно становилось зависимым от каприза богов.
Во втором же случае боги оказываются зависимыми от блага, подчинены ему. Поскольку же боги, по определению, – наивысшие сущности, они не могут быть подчинены чему бы то ни было. Иначе они не суть боги.
Принимая абсолютный характер нравственного закона за аксиому, Платон отвергает первый вариант как несостоятельный. Из второго же варианта он делает логичный вывод, что так называемые «боги» богами быть не могут. Раз всё (даже так называемые «боги») подчинено принципу блага, а само благо при этом абсолютно и ни от чего не зависит, значит «благо» и есть Бог. В этом утверждении «этического монотеизма» Платон путем логического рассуждения более всех других языческих мыслителей приблизился к тем самым истинам о Божественной сущности, что были даны Божьему народу через откровение.
Действительно, «парадокс Евтифрона» неразрешим в рамках политеизма. Но и в монотеистических религиях (иудаизм, христианство, ислам) есть как радикальные направления, исповедующие волюнтаристический подход к этике (воля Всевышнего определяет, что есть благо, а что – нет), так и либеральные круги, утверждающие относительность блага, его независимость от Божьей воли. В рамках же ортодоксального библейского богословия эта дилемма является ни чем иным как логической ошибкой ложной альтернативы.
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Нравственный закон не установлен Божьим волеизъявлением, но и не существует независимо от Бога. Он является отображением благого Божьего характера. Соответствие де нравственного закона Божьей воле ни в коей мере не делает его произвольным, поскольку Божья воля абсолютна и неизменна.
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Доктор філософії (Ph.D), доктор прикладного богослів'я (D.Min), магістр гуманітраних наук МА, релігієзнавство,, магістр природознавства (фізика землі), магістр педагогіки (фізика). Президент Християнського Науково-аполегетичного Центру.
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